December 5, 2024

Health Mettler Institute

Healthy LifeStyle & Education

School-based peer education interventions to improve health: a global systematic review of effectiveness | BMC Public Health

School-based peer education interventions to improve health: a global systematic review of effectiveness | BMC Public Health
  • Fazel M, Hoagwood K, Stephan S, Ford T. Mental health interventions in schools 1: Mental health interventions in schools in high-income countries. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(5):377–87.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • McKeganey SP, Neil. The rise and rise of peer education approaches. Drugs. 2000;7(3):293–310.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Houlston C, Smith PK, Jessel J. Investigating the extent and use of peer support initiatives in English schools. Educ Psychol. 2009;29(3):325–44.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Winterton CI, Dunk RD, Wiles JR. Peer-led team learning for introductory biology: relationships between peer-leader relatability, perceived role model status, and the potential influences of these variables on student learning gains. Discipli Interdisciplin Sci Educ Res. 2020;2(1):1–9.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Blakemore SJ, Robbins TW. Decision-making in the adolescent brain. Nat Neurosci. 2012;15(9):1184–91.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lam CB, McHale SM, Crouter AC. Time with peers from middle childhood to late adolescence: developmental course and adjustment correlates. Child Dev. 2014;85(4):1677–93.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • NHS Digital. Mental Health of Children and Young People in England, 2020: Wave 1 follow up to the 2017 Survey. England: Health and Social Care Information Centre; 2020. Available online: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/mental-health-of-children-and-young-people-in-england/2020-wave-1-follow-up#. Accessed 01 Aug 2022.

  • Johnson EC, Robbins BA, Loui M. What do students experience as peer leaders of learning teams? What Do Students Experience as Peer Leaders of Learning Teams? 2015.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Morgan D, Robbins J, Tripp J. Celebrating the Achievements of Sex and Relationship Peer Educators: The Development of an Assessment Process. Sex Educ. 2004;4(2):167–83.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • King T, Fazel M. Examining the mental health outcomes of school-based peer-led interventions on young people: A scoping review of range and a systematic review of effectiveness. PLoS One. 2021;16(4):e0249553.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Boyle J, Mattern CO, Lassiter JW, Ritzler JA. Peer 2 peer: Efficacy of a course-based peer education intervention to increase physical activity among college students. J Am Coll Heal. 2011;59(6):519–29.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tolli MV. Effectiveness of peer education interventions for HIV prevention, adolescent pregnancy prevention and sexual health promotion for young people: a systematic review of European studies. Health Educ Res. 2012;27(5):904–13.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Topping KJ. Peer Education and Peer Counselling for Health and Well-Being: A Review of Reviews. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(10):6064.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Dennison S. Peer mentoring: Untapped potential. J Nurs Educ. 2010;49(6):340–2.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Thalluri J, O’Flaherty JA, Shepherd PL. Classmate peer-coaching:” A Study Buddy Support scheme”. J Peer Learn. 2014;7(1):92–104.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Boulton MJ. School peer counselling for bullying services as a source of social support: a study with secondary school pupils. Bri J Guidance Counsel. 2005;33(4):485–94.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Abdi F, Simbar M. The peer education approach in adolescents-narrative review article. Iran J Public Health. 2013;42(11):1200.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mahat G, Scoloveno MA. Effectiveness of adolescent peer education programs on reducing HIV/STI risk: an integrated review. Res Theory Nurs Pract. 2018;32(2):168–98.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • MacArthur GJ, Harrison S, Caldwell DM, Hickman M, Campbell R. Peer-led interventions to prevent tobacco, alcohol and/or drug use among young people aged 11–21 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction. 2016;111(3):391–407.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Siddiqui M, Kataria I, Watson K, Chandra-Mouli V. A systematic review of the evidence on peer education programmes for promoting the sexual and reproductive health of young people in India. Sex Reprod Health Matters. 2020;28(1):1741494.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kim CR, Free C. Recent evaluations of the peer-led approach in adolescent sexual health education: A systematic review. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2008;40(3):144–51.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Maticka-Tyndale E, Barnett JP. Peer-led interventions to reduce HIV risk of youth: a review. Eval Program Plann. 2010;33(2):98–112.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mellanby AR, Rees JB, Tripp JH. Peer-led and adult-led school health education: a critical review of available comparative research. Health Educ Res. 2000;15(5):533–45.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Harden A, Oakley A, Oliver S. Peer-delivered health promotion for young people: a systematic review of different study designs. Health Educ J. 2001;60(4):339–53.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Yogev A, Ronen R. Cross-age tutoring: Effects on tutors’ attributes. J Educ Res. 1982;75(5):261–8.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Song Y, Loewenstein G, Shi Y. Heterogeneous effects of peer tutoring: Evidence from rural Chinese middle schools. Res Econ. 2018;72(1):33–48.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ellis LA, Marsh HW, Craven RG. Addressing the challenges faced by early adolescents: a mixed-method evaluation of the benefits of peer support. Am J Community Psychol. 2009;44(1–2):54–75.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Shah S, McCallum GB, Wilson C, Saunders J, Chang AB. Feasibility of a peer-led asthma and smoking prevention program (ASPP) in australian schools with high indigenous youth. Respirology. 2017;22:35.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev. 2015;4(1):1.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Parwej S, Kumar R, Walia I, Aggarwal AK. Reproductive health education intervention trial. Indian J Pediatr. 2005;72(4):287–91.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rotz D, Goesling B, Manlove J, Welti K, Trenholm C. Impacts of a School-Wide, Peer-Led Approach to Sexuality Education: A Matched Comparison Group Design. J Sch Health. 2018;88(8):549–59.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mellanby AR, Newcombe RG, Rees J, Tripp JH. A comparative study of peer-led and adult-led school sex education. Health Educ Res. 2001;16(4):481–92.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Timol F, Vawda MY, Bhana A, Moolman B, Makoae M, Swartz S. Addressing adolescents’ risk and protective factors related to risky behaviours: Findings from a school-based peer-education evaluation in the Western Cape. SAHARA J. 2016;13(1):197–207.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Aten MJ, Siegel DM, Enaharo M, Auinger P. Keeping middle school students abstinent: outcomes of a primary prevention intervention. J Adolesc Health. 2002;31(1):70–8.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Caron F, Godin G, Otis J, Lambert LD. Evaluation of a theoretically based AIDS/STD peer education program on postponing sexual intercourse and on condom use among adolescents attending high school. Health Educ Res. 2004;19(2):185–97.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ebreo A, Feist-Price S, Siewe Y, Zimmerman RS. Effects of peer education on the peer educators in a school-based HIV prevention program: where should peer education research go from here?…including commentary by Main DS. Health Educ Behav. 2002;29(4):411–24.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mason-Jones AJ, Flisher AJ, Mathews C. Who are the peer educators? HIV prevention in South African schools. Health Educ Res. 2011;26(3):563–71.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Menna T, Ali A, Worku A. Effects of peer education intervention on HIV/AIDS related sexual behaviors of secondary school students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a quasi-experimental study. Reprod Health. 2015;12(1):84.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Siegel DM, Aten MJ, Roghmann KJ, Enaharo M. Early effects of a school-based human immunodeficiency virus infection and sexual risk prevention intervention. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1998;152(10):961–70.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Siegel DM, Aten MJ, Enaharo M. Long-term effects of a middle school- and high school-based human immunodeficiency virus sexual risk prevention intervention. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2001;155(10):1117–26.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Stephenson JM, Strange V, Forrest S, Oakley A, Copas A, Allen E, et al. Pupil-led sex education in England (RIPPLE study): cluster-randomised intervention trial. Lancet. 2004;364(9431):338–46.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Stephenson J, Strange V, Allen E, Copas A, Johnson A, Bonell C, et al. The long-term effects of a peer-led sex education programme (RIPPLE): a cluster randomised trial in schools in England. PLoS Med. 2008;5(11):224 discussion e.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Strange V, Forrest S, Oakley A. What influences peer-led sex education in the classroom? A view from the peer educators. Health Educ Res. 2002;17(3):339–49.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Borgia P, Marinacci C, Schifano P, Perucci CA. Is peer education the best approach for HIV prevention in schools? Findings from a randomized controlled trial. J Adolesc Health. 2005;36(6):508–16.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Fisher JD, Fisher WA, Bryan AD, Misovich SJ. Information-motivation-behavioral skills model-based HIV risk behavior change intervention for inner-city high school youth. Health Psychol. 2002;21(2):177–86.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Huang H, Ye X, Cai Y, Shen L, Xu G, Shi R, et al. Study on peer-led school-based HIV/AIDS prevention among youths in a medium-sized city in China. Int J STD AIDS. 2008;19(5):342–6.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mahat G, Scoloveno MA. HIV peer education: Relationships between adolescents’ HIV/AIDS knowledge and self-efficacy. J HIV AIDS Soc Serv. 2010;9(4):371–84.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Merakou K, Kourea-Kremastinou J. Peer education in HIV prevention: an evaluation in schools. Eur J Pub Health. 2006;16(2):128–32.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Michielsen K, Beauclair R, Delva W, Roelens K, Van Rossem R, Temmerman M. Effectiveness of a peer-led HIV prevention intervention in secondary schools in Rwanda: results from a non-randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 2012;12(1):729.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ozcebe H, Akin L, Aslan D. A peer education example on HIV/AIDS at a high school in Ankara. Turk J Pediatr. 2004;46(1):54–9.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Visser MJ. HIV/AIDS prevention through peer education and support in secondary schools in South Africa. Sahara J. 2007;4(3):678–94.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jennings JM, Howard S, Perotte CL. Effects of a school-based sexuality education program on peer educators: the Teen PEP model. Health Educ Res. 2014;29(2):319–29.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cohen RY, Felix MR, Brownell KD. The role of parents and older peers in school-based cardiovascular prevention programs: implications for program development. Health Educ Q. 1989;16(2):245–53.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lytle LA, Murray DM, Perry CL, Story M, Birnbaum AS, Kubik MY, et al. School-based approaches to affect adolescents’ diets: results from the TEENS study. Health Educ Behav. 2004;31(2):270–87.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Shankar P, Sievers D, Sharma R. Evaluating the Impact of a School-Based Youth-Led Health Education Program for Adolescent Females in Mumbai, India. Ann Glob Health. 2020;86(1):57.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Forneris T, Fries E, Meyer A, Buzzard M, Uguy S, Ramakrishnan R, et al. Results of a rural school-based peer-led intervention for youth: goals for health. J Sch Health. 2010;80(2):57–65.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Foley BC, Shrewsbury VA, Hardy LL, Flood VM, Byth K, Shah S. Evaluation of a peer education program on student leaders’ energy balance-related behaviors. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):695.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cui Z, Shah S, Yan L, Pan Y, Gao A, Shi X, et al. Effect of a school-based peer education intervention on physical activity and sedentary behaviour in Chinese adolescents: a pilot study. BMJ Open. 2012;2(3):e000721.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ishak SIZS, Siew CY, Mohd Shariff Z, Mun CY, Moh TN. Effectiveness of a school-based, peer-led intervention program on the adolescents’ body composition, eating behaviors and health-related quality of life. Ann Nutr Metab. 2019;75(3):359.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Tamiru D, Argaw A, Gerbaba M, Ayana G, Nigussie A, Jisha H, et al. Enhancing Personal Hygiene Behavior and Competency of Elementary School Adolescents through Peer-Led Approach and School-Friendly: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2017;27(3):245–54.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bogart LM, Elliott MN, Cowgill BO, Klein DJ, Hawes-Dawson J, Uyeda K, et al. Two-Year BMI Outcomes From a School-Based Intervention for Nutrition and Exercise: A Randomized Trial. Pediatrics. 2016;137(5):e20152493.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Shrewsbury VA, Venchiarutti RL, Hardy LL, Foley BC, Bonnefin A, Byth K, et al. Impact and cost of the peer-led Students As LifeStyle Activists programme in high schools. Health Educ J. 2020;79(1):3–20.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bell SL, Audrey S, Cooper AR, Noble S, Campbell R. Lessons from a peer-led obesity prevention programme in English schools. Health Promot Int. 2017;32(2):250–9.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bogart LM, Cowgill BO, Elliott MN, Klein DJ, Hawes-Dawson J, Uyeda K, et al. A randomized controlled trial of students for nutrition and eXercise: a community-based participatory research study. J Adolesc Health. 2014;55(3):415–22.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ajuwon GA, Ajuwon AJ. Teaching high school students to use online consumer health resources on mobile phones: outcome of a pilot project in Oyo State, Nigeria. J Med Lib Assoc. 2019;107(2):194–202.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Haleem A, Siddiqui MI, Khan AA. School-based strategies for oral health education of adolescents–a cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Oral Health. 2012;12:54.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Vangipuram S, Jha A, Raju R, Bashyam M. Effectiveness of peer group and conventional method (Dentist) of oral health education programme among 12-15 year old school children – A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(5):ZC125–ZC9.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sebire SJ, Jago R, Banfield K, Edwards MJ, Campbell R, Kipping R, et al. Results of a feasibility cluster randomised controlled trial of a peer-led school-based intervention to increase the physical activity of adolescent girls (PLAN-A). Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2018;15(1):50.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ping HU, Lingli HAN, Manoj S, Huan Z, Yong Z, Hui LI, et al. Evaluation of Cognitive and Behavioral Effects of Peer Education Model-Based Intervention to Sun Safe in Children. Iran J Public Health. 2014;43(3):300–9.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Perry CL, Grant M, Ernberg G, Florenzano RU, Langdon MC, Myeni AD, et al. WHO Collaborative Study on Alcohol Education and Young People: outcomes of a four-country pilot study. Int J Addict. 1989;24(12):1145–71.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Weichold K, Silbereisen RK. Peers and teachers as facilitators of the life skills program IPSY – Results from a pilot study. Sucht. 2012;58(4):247–58.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lachausse RG. The effectiveness of a multimedia program to prevent fetal alcohol syndrome. Health Promot Pract. 2008;9(3):289–93.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Erhard R. Peer-led and adult-led programs–student perceptions. J Drug Educ. 1999;29(4):295–308.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Audrey S, Holliday J, Campbell R. It’s good to talk: adolescent perspectives of an informal, peer-led intervention to reduce smoking. Soc Sci Med. 2006;63(2):320–34.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bloor M, Frankland J, Langdon NP, Robinson M, Allerston S, Catherine A, et al. A controlled evaluation of an intensive, peer-led, schools-based, anti-smoking programme. Health Educ J. 1999;58(1):17–25.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Campbell R, Starkey F, Holliday J, Audrey S, Bloor M, Parry-Langdon N, et al. An informal school-based peer-led intervention for smoking prevention in adolescence (ASSIST): a cluster randomised trial. Lancet. 2008;371(9624):1595–602.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lotrean LM, Dijk F, Mesters I, Ionut C, De Vries H. Evaluation of a peer-led smoking prevention programme for Romanian adolescents. Health Educ Res. 2010;25(5):803–14.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mall ASK, Bhagyalaxmi A. An Informal School-based, Peer-led Intervention for Prevention of Tobacco Consumption in Adolescence: A Cluster Randomized Trial in Rural Gandhinagar. Indian J Community Med. 2017;42(3):143–6.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mohammadi M, Ghaleiha A, Rahnama R. Effectiveness of a peer-led behavioral intervention program on tobacco use-related knowledge, attitude, normative beliefs, and intention to smoke among adolescents at Iranian Public High Schools. Int J Prev Med. 2019;10(1):260245.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Murray DM, Richards PS, Luepker RV, Johnson CA. The prevention of cigarette smoking in children: two- and three-year follow-up comparisons of four prevention strategies. J Behav Med. 1987;10(6):595–611.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Perry CL, et al. Peer Teaching and Smoking Prevention among Junior High Students. Adolescence. 1980;15(58):277–82.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Botvin GJ, Baker E, Filazzola AD, Botvin EM. A cognitive-behavioral approach to substance abuse prevention: one-year follow-up. Addict Behav. 1990;15(1):47–63.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Demirezen D, Karaca A, Konuk Sener D, Ankarali H. Agents of change: the role of the peer education program in preventing adolescent substance abuse. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse. 2019;28(5):376–87.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Severson HH, Glasgow R, Wirt R, Brozovsky P, Zoref L, Black C, et al. Preventing the use of smokeless tobacco and cigarettes by teens: results of a classroom intervention. Health Educ Res. 1991;6(1):109–20.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Aslan D, Sahin A. Adolescent peers and anti-smoking activities. Promot Educ. 2007;14(1):36–40.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wyman PA, Brown CH, LoMurray M, Schmeelk-Cone K, Petrova M, Yu Q, et al. An outcome evaluation of the Sources of Strength suicide prevention program delivered by adolescent peer leaders in high schools. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(9):1653–61.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ciao AC, Latner JD, Brown KE, Ebneter DS, Becker CB. Effectiveness of a peer-delivered dissonance-based program in reducing eating disorder risk factors in high school girls. Int J Eat Disord. 2015;48(6):779–84.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Eisenstein C, Zamperoni V, Humphrey N, Deighton J, Wolpert M, Rosan C, et al. Evaluating the peer education project in secondary schools. J Public Ment Health. 2019;18(2):58–65.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kaveh MH, Hesampour M, Ghahremani L, Tabatabaee HR. The effects of a peer-led training program on female students’ self-esteem in public secondary schools in Shiraz. J Adv Med Educ Prof. 2014;2(2):63–70.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Parikh SV, Taubman DS, Antoun C, Cranford J, Foster CE, Grambeau M, et al. The Michigan Peer-to-Peer Depression Awareness Program: School-Based Prevention to Address Depression Among Teens. Psychiatr Serv. 2018;69(4):487–91.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Isik M, Set T, Khan AS, Avsar UZ, Cansever Z, Acemoglu H. Prevalence of Blood Brotherhood among High School Students in Erzurum and the Effect of Peer-led Education on this Practice. Eurasian J Med. 2013;45(2):83–7.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sadoh AE, Okonkwo C, Nwaneri DU, Ogboghodo BC, Eregie C, Oviawe O, et al. Effect of peer education on knowledge of human papilloma virus and cervical cancer among female adolescent students in Benin city, Nigeria. Ann Global Health. 2018;84(1):121–8.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Acemoglu H, Palanci Y, Set T, Vancelik S, Isik M, Polat H. An intervention study for viral hepatitis: Peer-led health education among high school students. Saudi Med J. 2011;32(2):183–7.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Liu Q, Liu L, Vu H, Liu X, Tang S, Wang H. Comparison between peer-led and teacher-led education in tuberculosis prevention in rural middle schools in Chongqing, China. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2015;27(2):NP2101–NP11.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Al-sheyab N, Gallagher R, Crisp J, Shah S. Peer-led education for adolescents with asthma in Jordan: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2012;129(1):e106–12.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Al-sheyab NA, Alomari MA, Shah S, Gallagher R. “Class smoke-free” pledge impacts on nicotine dependence in male adolescents: A cluster randomized controlled trial. J Subst Abus. 2016;21(6):566–74.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Gibson PG, Shah S, Mamoon HA. Peer-led asthma education for adolescents: impact evaluation. J Adolesc Health. 1998;22(1):66–72.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • McCallum GB, Chang AB, Wilson CA, Petsky HL, Saunders J, Pizzutto SJ, et al. Feasibility of a Peer-Led Asthma and Smoking Prevention Project in Australian Schools with High Indigenous Youth. Front Pediatr. 2017;5:33.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Shah S, Peat JK, Mazurski EJ, Wang H, Sindhusake D, Bruce C, et al. Effect of peer led programme for asthma education in adolescents: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2001;322(7286):583–5.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Palladino BE, Nocentini A, Menesini E. Evidence-based intervention against bullying and cyberbullying: Evaluation of the NoTrap! program in two independent trials. Aggress Behav. 2016;42(2):194–206.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zambuto V, Palladino BE, Nocentini A, Menesini E. Why do some students want to be actively involved as peer educators, while others do not? Findings from NoTrap! Anti-bullying and anti-cyberbullying program. Eur J Dev Psychol. 2019;16(4):373–86.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tavousi M, Ebadi M, Fattahi E, Jahangiry L, Hashemi A, Hashemiparast M, et al. Health literacy measures: A systematic review of the literature. 2015.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Wei Y, McGrath PJ, Hayden J, Kutcher S. Mental health literacy measures evaluating knowledge, attitudes and help-seeking: a scoping review. BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15(1):291.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kaminski J. Diffusion of innovation theory. Can J Nurs Inform. 2011;6(2):1–6.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Bandura A, Walters RH. Social learning theory: Englewood cliffs Prentice Hall; 1977.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Bandura A. The evolution of social cognitive theory. In: Smith KG, Hitt MA, editors. Great Minds in Management. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2019. p. 9–35.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Milburn K. A critical review of peer education with young people with special reference to sexual health. Health Educ Res. 1995;10(4):407–20.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar